Today's breakfast

Today's breakfast

Noan

Noan @ Kugenuma kaigan

Macrobiotic rolled cake

Motoya express

One of my favorite cafe

Today's breakfast

Today's breakfast

Sunrise

Totoro

白ひげのシュークリーム工房@高井戸

Kawane daifuku

Today's breakfast

BOLOTI

BOLOTI @ Takaido

March 31st

The Eiffel tower was inaugurated on 31 March 1889, and opened on 6 May.

March 30th

In 1909, the Queensboro Bridge opens, linking Manhattan and Queens.

March 29th

In 1461, Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England.

March 28th

In 1930, Constantinople and Angora change their names to Istanbul and Ankara.

March 27th

In 1976, the first 4.6 miles of the Washington Metro subway system opens.

March 26th

In 1958, the United States Army launches Explorer 3.

March 25th

In 1409, the Council of Pisa opens.

March 24th

In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu is granted the title of shogun from Emperor Go-Yozei, and establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo, Japan.

March 23rd

In 1956, Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic in the world. (Republic Day in Pakistan)

March 22nd

In 1993, the Intel Corporation ships the first Pentium chips (80586), featuring a 60 MHz clock speed, 100+ MIPS, and a 64 bit data path.

March 21st

In 1965, ranger program: NASA launches Ranger 9 which is the last in a series of unmanned lunar space probes.

March 20th

In 1916, Albert Einstein publishes his general theory of relativity.

March 19th

In 1918, the U.S. Congress establishes time zones and approves daylight saving time.

March 18th

In 1871, Declaration of the Paris Commune; President of the French Republic, Adolphe Thiers, orders evacuation of Paris.

March 17th

In 180, Marcus Aurelius dies leaving Commodus the sole emperor of the Roman Empire.

March 16th

In 1968, General Motors produced its 100 millionth automobile, the Oldsmobile Toronado.

March 15th

In 44 BC, Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Junius Brutus and several other Roman senators on the Ides of March.

March 14th

In 1489, the Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.

March 13th

In 1639, Harvard College is named for clergyman John Harvard.

March 12th

In 1918, Moscow becomes the capital of Russia again after Saint Petersburg held this status for 215 years.

March 11th

In 1867, the first performance of Don Carlos by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Paris.
And today, in 2011, an earthquake measuring 9.1 in magnitude strikes 130 km (80 miles) east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami.

March 10th

In 1814, Napoleon I of France is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.

March 9th

In 1842, the first documented discovery of gold in California occurs at Rancho San Francisco, six years before the California Gold Rush.

March 8th

In 1618, Johannes Kepler discovered the third law of planetary motion.

March 7th

In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.

March 6th

In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.

March 5th

In 1946, Winston Churchill uses the phrase "Iron Curtain" in his speech at Westminster College, Missouri.

March 4th

In 1493, Explorer Christopher Columbus arrives back in Lisbon, Portugal, aboard his ship Niña from his voyage to what is now The Bahamas and other islands in the Caribbean.

360

In terms of electromagnetism, one watt is the rate at which work is done when one ampere (A) of current flows through an electrical potential difference of one volt (V).

Also, in terms of classical mechanics, one watt is the rate at which work is done when an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against constant opposing force of one newton.

When a light bulb with a power rating of 100W is turned on for one hour, the energy used is 100 watt-hours (W h), 0.1 kilowatt-hour, or 360 kJ.

2.3901 x 10^-4

1 joule is equivalent to 2.3901 x 10^-4 kilocalorie.

It is dimensionally correct to say that 1 joule equals 1 newton metre (1 J = 1 N m = 1 kg m^2 s^−2).

10,000

One hectare is equivalent to 10,000 square meter. This is because prefix "hect" means 100, and squared 100 is 10,000.

The metric system of measure was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure:

The metre for length
The are (100 m2) for area [of land]
The st re (1 m3) for volume of firewood
The litre (1 dm3) for volumes of liquid
The gram for mass

4,046.86

One acre comprises 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet or about 4,046.86 square meters (0.404686 hectares).

The word "acre" is derived from Old English cer originally meaning "open field", cognate to west coast Norwegian kre and Swedish ker, German acker, Latin ager, and Greek αγρ (agros).

881000

Mach number is the speed of an object moving through air, or any other fluid substance, divided by the speed of sound as it is in that substance for its particular physical conditions, including those of temperature and pressure. The speed of light in a vacuum corresponds to a Mach number of approximately 881,000 (relative to air at sea level).

1.852

1knot is defined as 1.852 km per hour. In actual, this unit is defined equivalent to 1 nautical mile per hour.

473.176

The pint is an English unit of volume or capacity in both the imperial system and in United States customary units. The imperial version is 20 imperial fluid ounces and is equivalent to about 568 ml, while the U.S. version is 16 U.S. fluid ounces and is equivalent to about 473 ml. Thus the traditional British pint of beer is approximately 20% larger than the American pint. One imperial pint is equal to 19.2152 US fluid ounces.

250

The definition of volume of a cup differs depends on the unit; the metric cup is equivalent to 250 milliliter, the US customary cup is 236.588, US legal cup is 240, the imperial cup is 248, and Japanese cup is 200.
There is no internationally-agreed standard definition of the cup, whose modern volume ranges between 200 and 284 millilitres.

6.35

The stone was originally used for weighing agricultural commodities. Historically the number of pounds in a stone varied by commodity, and was not the same in all times and places even for one commodity. Potatoes, for example, were traditionally sold in stone and half-stone (14-pound and 7-pound) quantities.
This is defined in British legislation as being a weight or mass equal to 14 avoirdupois pounds (about 6.35 kilograms).

28.35

1 ounce is equivalent to 28.35 gram. Ounce derives from Latin uncia, a unit that was one twelfth (1/12) of the Roman pound (libra). Ounce was borrowed twice: first into Old English from an unattested Vulgar Latin form with ts for c before i (palatalization) and second into Middle English through Anglo-Norman and Middle French.

0.32745

1 pound is equivalent to 0.32745 kilo gram.

The abbreviation of pound is lb. The letters Lb for pound come from a Latin word for an ancient Roman unit of weight, libra.

304.8

Some believe that the original measurement of the English foot was from King Henry I, who had a foot 12 inches long; he wished to standardize the unit of measurement in England. Though there are records of the word "foot" being used approximately 70 years before his birth, it is supposed that this old standard was redefined ("calibrated") according to Henry's foot. In fact, there is evidence that this sort of process was common before standardization. A new, important ruler could try to impose a new standard for an existing unit, but it is unlikely that any king's foot was ever as long as the modern unit of measurement.

In actual, the average foot length is about 9.4 inches (240 mm) for current Europeans. Approximately 99.6% of British men have a foot that is less than 12 inches long. One attempt to "explain" the "missing" inches is that the measure did not refer to a naked foot, but to the length of footwear, which could theoretically add an inch or two to the naked foot's length. This is consistent with the measure being convenient for practical uses such as building sites. People almost always pace out lengths while wearing shoes or boots, rather than removing them and pacing barefoot.

Now, the foot in SI unit is equivalent to 304.8 mili meter.

25.4

The origin of the inch is disputed. Historically, in different parts of the world (even different cities within the same country) and at different points in time, the inch has referred to similar but different standard lengths.

The English word inch comes from Latin uncia meaning "one twelfth part" (in this case, one twelfth of a foot); the word ounce (one twelfth of a troy pound) has the same origin. The vowel change from u to i is umlaut; the consonant change from c (pronounced as k) to ch is palatalization (see Old English phonology).

Anyway, the one inch is equivalent to 25.4 mili meter.

1852

The nautical mile was originally defined as one minute of arc along a meridian arc of the Earth. It is a convenient reference, since it is fairly constant at all latitudes, in contrast with degrees of longitude which vary from 60 NM at the equator to zero at the poles. Thus, the 1 NM is equivalent to 1852 meter.

1609.344

The statute mile was defined by an English Act of Parliament (hence the name) in 1592, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I as being 1,760 yards (5,280 feet, about 1609 metres). For surveying, the statute mile is divided into eight furlongs; each furlong is ten chains; each chain is four rods (also known as poles or perches); and each rod is 25 links. This makes the rod equal to 5 yards or 16 feet in both Imperial and U.S. usage.

0.02957

1 fluid ounce in US is equivalent to 0.02957 litter. This is based on the earlier definition of one gallon equaling 231 cubic inches. This measurement at first glance does not seem to have any tie to mass, however it is believed to have come from a previous measure of a gallon as being 224 cubic inches (just 7 cubic inches less, both numbers being multiples of 7) which was used because it was the exact volume of 8 pounds of wine.

4.40488

1 dry gallon, lesser used in 3 "gallon" unit, is equivalent to 4.40488 liter. This is one-eighth of a US Winchester bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches, thus it is equal to exactly 268.8025 cubic inches.

4.54609

1 imperial gallon is equivalent to 4.54609 litter. This definition is used in some Commonwealth countries and Ireland, and is based on the volume of 10 pounds of water at 62 °F. The imperial fluid ounce is defined as 1 160 of an imperial gallon. On 1 January 2000, it ceased to be a legal unit of measure within the United Kingdom for economic, health, safety or administrative purposes.

3.78541

1 gallon in US is equivalent to 3.78541 litter. This is about 0.133680555 cubic feet. This is the most common definition of a gallon in the United States. The US fluid ounce is defined as 1 128 of a US gallon.

6.58211899 x 10^-16

Dirac's constant is defined as the Planck constant divided with 2π, and the value is 6.58211899 x 10^-16.
The spin of electron is half of this value.

5.670440 x 10^-8

Stefan-Boltzmann constant is used in the Stefan-Boltzmann law; the energy of electromagnetic wave. The formulae is defined as I, the energy of electromagnetic wave, is equivalent to T, the thermodynamic temperature, by four times and multiplied with σ, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

6.67428 x 10^-11

According to the law of universal gravitation, the attractive force (F) between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses (m1 and m2), and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) between them:

F = G x (m1 x m2)/r^2

The constant of proportionality, G, is the gravitational constant.

The gravitational constant is perhaps the most difficult physical constant to measure to high accuracy. In SI units, the 2006 CODATA-recommended value of the gravitational constant is 6.67428 x 10^-11.

376.730313461

The impedance of vacuum is defined as multiplying electric constant by the light speed. The value is 376.730313461...

5.05078324 x 10^-27

The nuclear magneton is the natural unit for expressing magnetic dipole moments of heavy particles such as nucleons and atomic nuclei. On the contrary, the dipole moment of the electron, which is much higher as a consequence of much higher charge-to-mass ratio, is usually expressed in corresponding units of the Bohr magneton.

The value of nuclear magneton is defined as follows;

μN = e / 2 mp = 5.05078324(13)×10−27
J/T

where:

e is the elementary charge,
is the reduced Planck constant,
mp is the proton rest mass.

1.67492716 x 10^-27

The invariant mass of neutron is 1.67492716 x 10^-27.

The neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of protons in a nucleus is the atomic number and defines the type of element the atom forms. The number of neutrons is the neutron number and determines the isotope of an element. For example, the abundant carbon-12 isotope has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while the very rare radioactive carbon-14 isotope has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

1.672621637 x 10^-27

The invariant mass of proton is 1.672621637 x 10^-27. Absolutely larger than that of electron.

9.10938215 x 10^-31

The invariant mass of electron is 9.10938215 x 10^-31. The invariant mass is a characteristic of the total energy and momentum of an object or a system of objects that is the same in all frames of reference related by Lorentz transformations.

927.4 x 10^-26

In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol μB) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing an electron magnetic dipole moment. The Bohr magneton is defined in SI units by μB = e / 2me where
e is the elementary charge,
is the reduced Planck constant and
me is the electron rest mass.

8.854187187... x 10^-12

The physical constant ε0, commonly called the electric constant, relates the units for electric charge to mechanical quantities such as length and force.
The value is defined as 1/(c0^2 x μ0), where c0 is the speed of light in vacuum and μ0 is the magnetic constant.

The most common use of this constant is Gauss's law; Φ = Q/ε0.

3.75

Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in biology. It is used as an energy source in most organisms, from bacteria to humans. Use of glucose may be by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. Carbohydrates are the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration, providing approximately 3.75 kilocalories of food energy per gram

146

The glucopyranose forms predominate in solution, and are the only forms observed in the solid state. They are crystalline colorless solids, highly soluble in water and acetic acid, poorly soluble in methanol and ethanol. They melt at 146°C, especially α-glucose, and decompose at higher temperatures into carbon and water.

91

The solubility of glucose in the water is 91 g/100 ml under 25 degree condition.

Fundamentally, solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a liquid solvent to form a homogeneous solution of the solute in the solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the used solvent as well as on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation concentration where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution.

180.16

Glucose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with formula C6H12O6 or H-(C=O)-(CHOH)5-H, whose five hydroxyl (OH) groups are arranged in a specific way along its six-carbon backbone. The molar mass is 180.16 g/mol

The name may refer to any of two stereoisomers, which are mirror images of each other. It usually means the isomer that is most common in nature, properly called D-glucose, dextrose, or grape sugar.

128.17052

Naphthalene, also known as naphthalin, bicyclo[4.4.0]deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentene or antimite is a crystalline, aromatic, white, solid hydrocarbon with formula C10H8 and the structure of two fused benzene rings. It is best known as the traditional, primary ingredient of mothballs.
The molar mass is 120.17052.
It is volatile, forming a flammable vapor, and readily sublimes at room temperature, producing a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass.

78.11

Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. It is sometimes abbreviated Ph H. The molar mass is 78.11 g/mol.

96485.3399

The Faraday constant (named after Michael Faraday) is the magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons. It has the currently accepted value by multiplying Avogadro constant with elementary charge. Because of the formula, the unit is defined as C per mol.

1.602176487...×10^−12

The elementary charge, usually denoted as e, is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the absolute value of the electric charge carried by a single electron. This elementary charge is a fundamental physical constant.

6.6260689×10^−34

The Planck constant (denoted h), also called is a physical constant reflecting the sizes of quanta in quantum mechanics. It is named after Max Planck, one of the founders of quantum theory. The Planck constant was first described as the proportionality constant between the energy of a photon and the frequency of its associated electromagnetic wave

0.035

The average salinity of the Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (35 ‰). Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool, igneous rocks.

12742

The average diameter of the reference spheroid of the Earth is about 12,742 km, which is approximately 40,000 km/π, as the meter was originally defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the North Pole through Paris, France.

6371

The mean radius of the earth is 6,371 km.
The equatorial radius is 6,378.1 km and the polar radius is 6,356.8 km.

1/81

The Moon is exceptionally large relative to the Earth: a quarter the diameter of the planet and 1/81 its mass. It is the largest moon in the solar system relative to the size of its planet (although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto).

27.312582

The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its sidereal period). However, since the Earth is moving in its orbit about the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its synodic period).

525600

In non-leap year, the total minutes of the year is 525,600 minutes. This number became famous for the movie "Rent".

60

The Egyptians subdivided daytime and nighttime into twelve hours each since at least 2000 BC, hence the seasonal variation of their hours. The Hellenistic astronomers Hipparchus (c. 150 BC) and Ptolemy (c. AD 150) subdivided the day sexagesimally and also used a mean hour (1 24 day), simple fractions of an hour (1 4, 2 3, etc.) and time-degrees (1 360 day or four modern minutes), but not modern minutes or seconds.

86400

Early definitions of the second were based on the apparent motion of the sun around the earth. The solar day was divided into 24 hours, each of which contained 60 minutes of 60 seconds each, so the second was 1 86 400 of the mean solar day.

0.999...

In mathematics, the repeating decimal 0.999... denotes a real number that can be shown to be the number one. In other words, the symbols 0.999... and 1 represent the same number.

The proof is very simple; 1/3 equals to 0.333..., 1/3 x 3 equals to 1, and 0.333... x 3 equals to 0.999..., therefore 0.999... equals to 1.

So amazing equation.

0.001

A per mille is a tenth of a percent or one part per thousand.

This is commonly used for birth to death ratio, and the proportion of the metal in instrumentals.

0.0001

A basis point (often denoted as or bp; rarely, permyriad, colloquially referred to in the plural as "bips") is a unit equal to 1/100th of a percentage point. Put another way: 1 bp = 0.01%

It is frequently, but not exclusively, used to express differences in interest rates of less than 1% per year. For example, a difference of 0.10% is equivalent to a change of 10 basis points.

415

In the period instrument movement, a consensus has arisen around a modern "baroque pitch" of 415 Hz.

440

The frequency of the sound A is usually set to 440Hz. This is commonly used all of the world.

The American music industry reached their own informal compromise of 440 Hz in 1926, and used it in instrument manufacturing. In 1936, the American Standards Association recommended that the A above middle C be tuned to 440 Hz. This standard was taken up by the International Organization for Standardization in 1955 (and was reaffirmed by them in 1975) as ISO 16.

1482

In fresh water, at 20 °C, the speed of sound is approximately 1,482 metres per second.

343.2

The speed of sound is the distance traveled during a unit of time by a sound wave propagating through an elastic medium. In dry air at 20 °C, the speed of sound is 343.2 metres per second.

299,792,458

The speed of light, usually denoted by c, is a physical constant important in many areas of physics. Light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation always travel at this speed in empty space (vacuum), regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial frame of reference of the observer. Its value is exactly 299,792,458 metres per second.

1024

Multiplying 2 for 10 times becomes 1024. This is nearly number of 1,000, so used in computer. And the numbers are separated with this unit; 1,000 equals to kilo, 1,000,000 equals to mega, 1,000,000,000 equals giga and 1,000,000,000,000 equals tera. But because of this approximation, there is a little difference, error, between two numbers; 1 kilo byte is not 1,000 byte but 1,024 byte, and 1 mega byte is 1,048,576 byte.

6.02214179(30)×10^23

In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant (symbols: L, NA) is defined as the ratio of the number of entities (usually atoms or molecules) N in a sample to the amount of substance n (unit mole) through the relationship NA = N/n. Thus it is the proportionality factor that relates the molar mass of an entity, i.e. the mass per amount of substance, to the mass of said entity. The Avogadro constant expresses the number of elementary entities per mole of substance and it has the value 6.02214179(30)×10^23

1.38 x 10^-23

The Boltzmann constant is the physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature observed at the collective or bulk level. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant NA.

It has the same units as entropy. It is named after the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.

8.314472

In thermodynamics, the equation of states is defined as PV = nRT; P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of substance, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

R is defined as 8.314472 J/(mol Kelvin)

22.414

The volume of every gas with 1 molar volume is 22.414 liter under 1 atmosphere pressure and 0 degree in Celsius.

0.01

In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (for example, gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Triple point of water is 0.01 degree in Celsius.

273.16

Kelvin is the scale for measuring the temperature. The difference between Celsius and Kelvin is about 273.16 degree.

By the way, the temperature of the space is about 3 Kelvin, minus 270 degree in Celsius. This is because that there is few objects to transfer the heat and wave in the space.

26

1966 February 26th Apollo Program: Launch of AS-201, the first flight of the Saturn IB rocket.